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IA-2 Impedance Biosensor
Impedimetric detection has a number of attractive features for development of affinity biosensors. For example, detection does not require molecular labeling of a target analyte, which simplifies the sample preparation protocols and reduces the number of steps in the assay workflow. The label-free, real-time detection mode also provides important data on target to probe binding kinetics. Further, impedimetric assays can be achieved at low cost.
  
Together, these features are especially beneficial for development of the miniaturized lab-on-chip biosensor format. Impedance techniques are very flexible, and, because they are based on electronics, do not require expensive optical sources, detectors, and fluorescent reagents.
Physically, impedance changes are caused by changes in the near-surface environment of the electrode and, thus, provide a direct means of detecting target-probe binding reactions on the sensor. Concomitantly, sensor response is generally proportional to the amount of captured target. Accordingly, the assay is a direct, single-step procedure and can be performed in real-time to measure the kinetics of the interaction as well.
Publications:
Andrei L. Ghindilis, Maria W. Smith, Dean S. Messing, Vena N. Haynes, George B. Middleton, Kevin R. Schwarzkopf, Carmen E. Campbell, Changqing Zhan, Bruce Ulrich, Michael J. Frasier, Paul J. Schuele, David R. Evans, Ibrahim Sezan, John W. Hartzell, Holly M. Simon. "Development of real-time assays for impedance-based detection of microbial double-stranded DNA targets: Optimization and data analysis" Biosens. Bioelectron., (2012), doi:10.1016/j.bios.2012.02.021
A.L. Ghindilis, M. W. Smith, K. R. Schwarzkopf, C. Zhan, D. R. Evans, H. M. Simon. "Impedimetric label-free sensing of DNA hybridization in real time for rapid microorganism detection: Applicability to assay in the field" Electroanalysis, (2009) , 21, No. 13, 1459 – 1468
Andrey L. Ghindilis, Kevin R. Schwarzkopf, Dean S. Messing, Ibrahim Sezan, Paul Schuele, Changqing Zhan, Maria W. Smith, Holly M. Simon, and David R. Evans, "Real-Time Biosensor Platform: Fully Integrated Device for Impedimetric Assays" ECS Transactions, 33 (8) 59-68 (2010)
Dean S. Messing, Andrey Ghindilis, and Kevin Schwarzkopf "Impedimetric Biosignal Analysis and Quantification in a Real-time Biosensor System" 32nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2010)
Dean S. Messing, Andrey Ghindilis, and Kevin Schwarzkopf. "An Improved Algorithm for Quantifying Real-time Impedance Biosensor" Proceedings of the 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society In-Press
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